Chitosan oligosaccharide 50 grams, Food Grade. Made in USA. Bud Factor X

Description

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50 grams of Chitosan Oligosaccharide Powder, Food Grade also for fertilizer,
Bud Factor X.
.
Comes in a resealable bag.
Food grade for consumable plants or as a dietary supplement.
Usage instructions and information are as follows: ChitosanOligosaccharides Chitosan is a by-product of the alkalinedeacetylation of chitin. Chitin is a polysaccharide, the second most abundantnaturally occurring polymer. It is found on the shells of arthropods such ascrustaceans and insects (Hadrami, Hadrami, Adam, & Daayf, 2010).Chitin contains nitrogen that is used in pharmaceuticals. The production ofchitosan from chitin involves four major steps that aims at removing proteinand calcium components from the raw shells. The chitin is treated with about40% of sodium hydroxide during the deprotenization and demineralization processto make chitosan. Chitosan is soluble in acidic solutions and precipitates in highpH environments. Its instability in acidic environments greatly affect itspractical use. Several attempts to chemically modify chitosan have been madewith the aim of overcoming the instability in acidic conditions. The physicaland chemical properties of chitosan are dependent on its molecular weight andthe degree of deacetylation (Sarmento & Neves, 2012). Chitosan hasbeen linked to a number of biological and physiological activities in the humanbody. Studies carried out have shown its unique biological activities thatinclude anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, biological recognition, and enhancingimmunity among others (Guo et al., 2018). This has resulted to chitosanbeing used to treat a number of illnesses. These illnesses include highcholesterol, crohns’ disease, kidney failure, dental cavities, andhyperphosphatemia (Liu, Xin, Liu, Zhang, & Li, 2017). Other than the links in human biologicaland physiological activities, chitosan has shown great potential in agricultureregarding controlling of plants’ diseases. With the high demand of blemish freefarm products that require high input, chitosan has allowed this achievementwhile ensuring the produce yields profits (Hadrami, Hadrami, Adam,, &Daayf, 2010). Chitosan has made this possible by reducing the disease levelsand the spread of pathogens in plants. Additionally this has helped preservethe yield and quality of the produce. The chitosan molecules have exhibitedtoxicity and inhibit fungal growth and development (Xing, Zhu, Peng, &Qin, 2014). Fragments from chitosan elicit defense responses in the host plantsin regards to microbial infections. The responses provided by chitosan includelignification, protein phosphorylation, membrane depolarization, and generationof reactive oxygen species among others. The toxicity demonstrates anti-viral,anti-bacterial, and ant-fungal properties that allow the protection of plantsagainst several diseases. This has allowed for agricultural exploration sincethe diseases can now be controlled and the pests kept away. Chitosan iseffective to both monocotyledons and dicotyledons by enhancing the plants’defense responses (Xing, Zhu, Peng, & Qin, 2014). Dosagein Humans in mg The oral lethal dosage in humans isestimated to be 1330mg/kg (Sarmento & Neves, 2012). There are noadverse side effects that have been observed in human beings. The only sideeffects observed were mild transiently nausea and constipation. Individuals arealways advised not to take chitosan with warfarin. This is because chitosan isknown to be a blood thinner. Taking chitosan with warfarin exposes anindividual to several risks such as bruising easily. Extensive research carriedout on mice and rabbits conclude that an overdose of chitosan would result todeath. This was after a mice was intravenously injected with 50mg/kg ofchitosan, which resulted to its death (Liu, Xin, Liu, Zhang, & Li,2017). PartsPer Million for Agricultural Use The antimicrobial activities exhibitedby chitosan depends on several factors. These factors include the plant inquestion, the degree of polymerization, type of chitosan used, chemicalcomposition of the substrate, as well as the environmental factors (Hadrami,Hadrami, Adam, & Daayf, 2010). In viruses and bacteria, the minimalgrowth-inhibiting concentrations vary between 10-1000 parts per million. Onfungi, the minimal growth-inhibiting concentrations vary between 10-5000 partsper million. References Guo, X.,Sun, T., Zhong, R., Ma, L., You, C., Tian, M.Wang, C. (2018). Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Human BloodComponents. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9.doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01412 Hadrami, A. E.,Hadrami, I. E., Adam, L. R., & Daayf, F. (2010).Chitosan in Plant Protection. Marine Drugs, 8(4),968-987. doi: 10.3390/md8040968 Liu, L.,Xin, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, E., & Li, W. (2017). ). InhibitoryEffect of Chitosan Oligosaccharide on Human Hepatoma Cells in Vitro. AfricanJournal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 14(4),272-277. doi:10.21010/ajtcam.v14i4.30 Sarmento, B., &Neves, J. D. (2012). Chitosan-Based Systems forBiopharmaceuticals: Delivery, Targeting and Polymer Therapeutics. Hoboken,NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Xing, K.,Zhu, X., Peng, X., & Qin, S. (2014). Chitosan antimicrobialand eliciting properties for pest control in agriculture: A review. Agronomyfor Sustainable Development, 35(2), 569-588.doi:10.1007/s13593-014-0252-3
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